Saturday, 2 September 2017

WIRELESS CHARGING

WIRELESS CHARGING

   
Wireless Charging provides a convenient, safe, and reliable way to charge and power millions of electrical devices at home, in the workplace and in industry.
By eliminating the use of physical connectors and cables, wireless charging provides a number of efficiency, cost and safety advantages over the traditional charging cable.
From smartphones, to hand-held industrial devices and heavy-duty equipment applications, wireless power maintains safe, continuous, and reliable transfer of power to ensure all varieties of devices and equipment are charged and ready to go at a moment’s notice.
  • WHAT IS WIRELESS CHARGING?
Essentially wireless charging (a.k.a wireless power transfer or charging by induction) uses electromagnetic fields to safely transfer power from a transmitting source to a receiving device for the purposes of wirelessly charging (or recharging) a battery.  As the name suggests, it does so without the use of a physical connection.

HOW DOES WIRELESS CHARGING WORK?

Wireless charging is based on the principle of magnetic resonance, or Inductive Power Transfer (IPT).  This is the process of transferring an electrical current between two objects through the use of coils to induce an electromagnetic field.
The diagram below simplifies the process of wireless charging and power transfer into 5 key steps.
How Resonant Wireless Charging Works
TRANSCRIPT OF WIRELESS CHARGING STEPS
  • Mains voltage is converted into high frequency alternating current (AC).
  • The alternating current (AC) is sent to the transmitter coil by the transmitter circuit.  The alternating current then induces a time varying magnetic field in the transmitter coil.
  • Alternating current flowing within the transmitter coil induces a magnetic field which extends to the receiver coil (when within a specified distance).
  • The magnetic field generates current within the receiver coil of the device.  The process whereby energy is transmitted between the transmitter and receiver coil is also referred to as magnetic or resonant coupling and is achieved by both coils resonating at the same frequency.
  • Current flowing within the receiver coil is converted into direct current (DC) by the receiver circuit, which can then be used to wirelessly charge the battery.
It’s through this process that power is safely transferred over an air gap. As well as any non-metal object that might exist between the coils. Such as wood, plastic or granite.

WHAT IS ‘RESONANT’ WIRELESS CHARGING?

You will often hear people talk about inductive and resonant technology in regards to wireless power.  From a technical point of view, they are essentially one in the same.  Inductive power transfer (as the overriding principle) uses resonance in order to achieve coupling of the transmitter and recover coil  – achieved when the transmitter and receiver coils both oscillate – or ‘resonate’ – at the same frequency.  This resonant frequency refers to the frequency at which an object naturally vibrates or rings. This is most commonly seen in the way a tuning fork can cause another to vibrate when both are tuned to the same pitch.
However in recent times, the term ‘resonant’ has taken on a slightly different meaning.  What is now commonly referred to as Resonant wireless charging, is seen as an advancement on inductive capabilities in that it allows a number of advantages in relation to performance and convenience.
Some of the key advantages include:
  • Greater spatial freedom:  This refers to the ability to achieve coupling/power transfer with greater mis-alignment for the receiver and transmitter coil along the x, y and z axis.  In a real-life scenario, this means not having to precisely align your smartphone or device on top of the transmitter in order for it to begin charging.
  • Charging multiple devices simultaneously: Resonance promises the ability to charging more than one device at a time.  How this is achieved from a technical point of view will depend on the coil geometry of the respective system, but nonetheless it provides an added convenience for larger transmitter surfaces such as table tops or work benches.
  • Charging speeds:  Charging speeds for devices will continue to be a major factor in the adoption of wireless charging.  Charging by induction solutions currently produce slower charge times compared to a wired charger.  In the future, resonant promises improved efficiency for power transfer between the transmitter and receiver coils, which in turn increase the rate at which power is delivered to the battery for re-charging.
For a more in-depth look into the advantages of resonant wireless charging and a discussion on the current options being developed in the marketplace – check out our blog from 2015: What’s the big deal about Resonant?

THE FUTURE OF WIRELESS CHARGING

No matter the device, industry, or application, the removal of the physical connection required for powering or charging devices delivers a number of benefits over traditional cable connectors – some of which aren’t immediately obvious.
The video below takes a glimpse into the future and examines just some of the possible applications using wireless power.
Resonant Wireless Charging

CURRENT AND FUTURE APPLICATIONS FOR WIRELESS CHARGING

WIRELESS CHARGING FOR SMARTPHONES & TABLETS

PowerByProxi Wireless Charging Pad For Smartphones
Perhaps the most well known application of wireless charging is for smartphones.
In recent years, the number of phone manufacturers who have offered wireless charging capabilities have steadily grown, and for even those brands which do not have wireless charging functionality, you can acquire a myriad of external charging cases and sleeves which can enable wireless charging of these devices.
The current technology enables consistent, safe charging of single devices when placed accurately on a wireless charging pad – characteristic of ‘charging by induction‘ systems.  The leading wireless standard worldwide for this technology is Qi, which is developed by the Wireless Power Consortium and is used by over 900 products worldwide.
As advancements continue to be made, wireless charging will likely become more ubiquitous and convenient.  The development of resonant capabilities will continue to increase the appeal of wireless charging for consumers, while integrated transmitters into tables and bench tops will make it easier than ever to recharge our phones.
PowerbyProxi doesn’t manufacture wireless charging pads, wireless smartphone chargers, or integrated receiver solutions like sleeves and cases for public purchase.  Instead our focus is on developing the next generation of solutions for wireless charging for smartphones including greater capability for free placement of devices, foreign object detection and multi-device charging.
Customers have the opportunity to purchase our development kit and patent licenses to develop and manufacture their own product.  For more information, check out our Proxi-2D EVK page.

WIRELESS CHARGING FOR WEARABLES

PowerByProxi Prxi 3D Charging BowlProxi-In-Device Charger
There is no question that wearable technology is becoming increasingly integrated and available in our daily lives.
The size and form factor of such devices are integral to making them more ubiquitous and convenient from a consumer perspective.  At the same time, the miniaturised nature of wearables provide unique challenges around recharging and ensuring power is supplied in a manner that is equally as convenient as the device itself.
Wireless  power is potential solution for this problem by removing the requirement for cables and h being connected directly to the device itself.
PowerbyProxi began investigating several means to provide a convenient, cable free solution for recharging multiple wearable devices simultaneously as part of our Proxi-3D project – established within our Proxi Labs innovation centre.

WIRELESS CHARGING FOR AA BATTERY POWERED DEVICES

Xbox 360 ControllerWireless Chargeable AA Batteries
Millions of everyday electronic devices – including video game controllers, remotes, torches, toys etc, use AA batteries.  However whenever these batteries run out of charge, the means to replace or recharge them, isn’t exactly convenient.  Non-rechargeable batteries cost a lot to continually replace, and are a significant biological hazard when disposed of.  Rechargeable AA batteries however, can be time consuming and a hassle to recharge, while being that much more expensive.
Wireless power technology offers another solution through in-device charging, whereby AA batteries are fitted with a wireless receiver which can recharge the battery when placed inside a transmitter device.  The beauty of this solution is that the battery can be recharged without being removed from the device, so that it never needs to be replaced.  PowerbyProxi prototyped a solution for AA batteries as part of our Proxi Labs innovation centre which allowed for safe wireless charging of numerous types of devices using specially designed AA batteries.

WIRELESS CHARGING FOR COMMERCIAL  APPLICATIONS

Proxi-Point Industrial Wireless Charging & Power Transfer
The advantages of wireless charging is not only restricted to consumer device applications.  Wireless charging offers real benefits in terms of productivity, efficiency and safety for industrial applications  where cables and connectors can become unreliable, dangerous or incur high maintenance costs.

BENEFITS OF WIRELESS CHARGING:

  • Reduced cost associated with maintaining mechanical connectors. For example: Rotating electrical connectors like Slip Rings
  • Safe powering or charging devices that need to remain sterile or hermetically sealed (waterproof)
  • Prevent corrosion due to elements such as oxygen and water
  • Eliminate sparks and debris associated with wired contacts
PowerbyProxi have been pioneering the application of inductive power for industrial applications since 2007. Enabling equipment suppliers to deliver mission-critical wireless power systems in wet, dirty and moving environments the world over.
With a range of wireless power transfer solutions for different power requirements, we are able to deliver unique advantages for the transmission of power for a range of applications, some of which are highlighted below:

MEDICAL DEVICES & EQUIPMENT

WIRELESS CHARGING OF MEDICAL DEVICES & EQUIPMENT


Wireless Power for Hospitals

Wireless charging has a vital role to play in the future of medicine and medical care.
Nowadays, even the most basic of medical procedures requiresa range of advanced medical equipment. Equipment that’s powered largely via battery packs or mains power supplies.  Wireless power provides real benefit in such sterile and high traffic environments where traditional connectors become not only source of contamination, but are also a physical hazard as room configurations are constantly changing.

VEHICLES & TRANSPORT

WIRELESS CHARGING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Wireless charging of electric vehicles continue to be one of the most researched  areas of wireless power transfer.  By reducing the reliance on fossil fuels, electric vehicles provide a sustainable and environmentally safe means for fuelling our vehicles well into the future.
However  today’s electric cars are limited to an average travel distance of between just 10 and 40 miles before they require charging. Initiating a convoluted charging process that requires access to a charging point, charging cables, and a multiple-hour wait before the vehicle is sufficiently charged.
With the introduction of wireless charging, the charging experience is set to become a seamless one. Allowing for the convenient charging of electric cars whether parked or on the move.
It won’t be long before this dream becomes a reality. In fact, a number of car manufacturers are already putting test vehicles through their paces. Including the Formula E’s wirelessly chargeable safety car.
This inclusion of wireless charging capabilities won’t just drive an increased adoption of electric vehicles. It will also play a crucial role in supporting the environmental sustainability of future transport. Helping to rid the environment of harmful fossil fuels, cutting down on air pollution emissions and providing not just a more convenient future, but a healthier one too.
Wireless charging for electric vehicles could be carried out in a number of ways, including:
  • Parking Spots & Charging Pads
    Like our smartphones and tablets, charging pads will provide one of the most convenient methods of charging electric vehicles. With these pads built into specially designed parking spots, you’ll be able to charge your car while you’re grabbing your shopping or catching a movie.
  • Electrically Charged Highways Of The Future
    In time, you may not even need to stop to charge your electric car. Highway England is just one body currently testing the viability of charging lanes that charge vehicles while they’re driving. With the charging devices built into the very asphalt itself.

FAQ’S

IS THERE A WIRELESS CHARGING STANDARD?

An industry standard is required to ensure interoperability between transmitters and receivers made by different manufacturers. There are currently two key groups looking to put forward a specification for wireless charging: the Wireless Power Consortium (WPC) and the Airfuel Alliance.
Of these two, the Wireless Power Consortium is the leading standard for wireless charging through its Qi standard. Qi (pronounced ‘chee’) is the most widely used and commercially available wireless charging standard (used by over 200 companies). The Qi wireless charging and power standard ensures that any device carrying its logo will work, in turn, with any charging surface that also carries the logo, regardless of brand or manufacturer.
This cross-compatibility allows manufacturers like PowerByProxi complete design freedom, as the Qi standard ensures that wireless charging interoperability is guaranteed from conception through to completion. This page on wireless power standards provides further information.

WHY DO WE NEED A STANDARD & WHAT WILL IT GOVERN?

Industry standards are crucial to ensuring interoperability between transmitters and receivers produced by different manufacturers. Once a specification emerges as the standard for the industry, then manufacturers have a blueprint from which to work to create wireless charging technology in the future, thus ensuring that no matter what the device, it can be charged on any charging pad or transmitter.

Samsung Galaxy S8

Samsung Galaxy S8

Galaxy S8

Samsung Galaxy S8 smartphone was launched in March 2017. The phone comes with a 5.80-inch touchscreen display with a resolution of 1440 pixels by 2960 pixels at a PPI of 570 pixels per inch. Samsung Galaxy S8 price in India starts from Rs. 57,900. 

The Samsung Galaxy S8 is powered by 1.9GHz octa-core Samsung Exynos 8895 processor and it comes with 4GB of RAM. The phone packs 64GB of internal storage that can be expanded up to 256GB via a microSD card. As far as the cameras are concerned, the Samsung Galaxy S8 packs a 12-megapixel primary camera on the rear and a 8-megapixel front shooter for selfies.

The Samsung Galaxy S8 runs Android 7.0 and is powered by a 3000mAh non removable battery. It measures 148.90 x 68.10 x 8.00 (height x width x thickness) and weigh 155.00 grams.

The Samsung Galaxy S8 is a single SIM (GSM) . Connectivity options include Wi-Fi, GPS, Bluetooth, NFC, 3G and 4G. Sensors on the phone include Compass Magnetometer, Proximity sensor, Accelerometer, Ambient light sensor and Gyroscope.
About Samsung
Founded back in 1969 as Samsung Electric Industries, Suwon, South Korea-headquartered Samsung Electronics today makes everything from televisions to semiconductors. It released its first Android smartphone in 2009, and can be credited with the launch of the first Android tablet back in 2010. The company is among the biggest players in the smartphone market in the world. It has recently developed smartphones running Tizen OS, as an alternative to its Android-based smartphones.
Samsung Galaxy S8 detailed specifications
GENERAL
Release dateMarch 2017
Form factorTouchscreen
Dimensions (mm)148.90 68.10 8.00
Weight (g)155.00
Battery capacity (mAh)3000
Removable batteryNo
ColoursMidnight Black, Orchid Gray, Arctic Silver, Coral Blue, Maple Gold
SAR valueNA
DISPLAY
Screen size (inches)5.80
TouchscreenYes
Resolution1440x2960 pixels
Pixels per inch (PPI)570
HARDWARE
Processor1.9GHz octa-core
Processor makeSamsung Exynos 8895
RAM4GB
Internal storage64GB
Expandable storageYes
Expandable storage typemicroSD
Expandable storage up to (GB)256
CAMERA
Rear camera12-megapixel
FlashYes
Front camera8-megapixel
SOFTWARE
Operating SystemAndroid 7.0
CONNECTIVITY
Wi-FiYes
Wi-Fi standards supported802.11 a/b/g/n/ac
GPSYes
BluetoothYes
NFCYes
InfraredNo
USB OTGNo
Headphones3.5mm
FMNo
Number of SIMs1
SIM 1
GSM/CDMAGSM
3GYes
4G/ LTEYes
Supports 4G in India (Band 40)No
SENSORS
Compass/ MagnetometerYes
Proximity sensorYes
AccelerometerYes
Ambient light sensorYes
GyroscopeYes
BarometerNo
Temperature sensorNo

Friday, 1 September 2017

THE BLUE WHALE (SUICIDE GAME)






THE BLUE WHALE (SUICIDE GAME)

The Blue Whale Challenge, also known as the Blue Whale Suicide Game, 
.


The game reportedly started in Russia in 2013 with F57, one of the names of the so-called “death group” of VKontakte, Russia’s largest social network and allegedly caused its first suicide in 2015. Philipp Budeikin, a former psychology student who was expelled from the university, claimed that he invented the game.

According to Budeikin, his purpose was to “clean” the society by pushing to eliminate those he deemed as having no value.

According to him, his victims were nothing but “biological waste” and all he was doing was cleaning society. The term “blue whale” comes from the phenomenon of beached whales, which is linked to suicide.

Beaching is a phenomenon in which cetaceans strand themselves on land, usually on a beach.



The Blue Whale game uses social media to target vulnerable adolescents and uses abuse tactics, grooming and manipulation to drive them to commit suicide. Spread over 50 days, the challenge reportedly instructs participants to complete 50 tasks that include self-harm, body mutilation and watching scary videos.

The participants, who are emotionally vulnerable adolescents, are made to believe through warnings and messages that their backing out would impact the lives of their near and dear ones. As the game progresses, participants reach the final day that supposedly culminates in the act of suicide.

The contestants must prove that they have completed the tasks by sending proof, pictures and videos to their “curator” or the “whale” who has been instructing them all this while. It is clear that the game’s objective is to lead the target to his or her death. The series of steps and messaging creates a situation where the victim gets hypnotised and follows the suggestions scrupulously.
The challenge is understood as- to find victims, create an emotional bond with them through arbitrary set of steps demanding completion in order to move forward in the game and then hope they follow through to step 50. ‘Jump off a high building. Take your life.’  It’s simply a control and manipulation scheme directed toward vulnerable people who are predisposed to have serious thoughts of suicide, loneliness, and death. When a person is suicidal, they feel, most of all, alone and worthless. The game creator understands these feelings and is taking advantage of them. Some experts believe these tasks may convince an impressionable young person to hurt themselves because of the “whale’s” influence. A number of tasks involve talking to a “whale” or Skyping with them. This might be the time when psychological manipulation takes effect. Teenagers generally take these risks because they are vulnerable and prone to seek validation. It also makes them feel like they are a part of something that is bigger than them. It has been observed that some teenagers have very low self-esteem, and rely significantly on peer approval. For them the external environment becomes a source of inspiration, which is why they are willing to do anything to project a certain image.

Especially so because the game has its own community of other equally vulnerable adolescents.



To understand the psychological underpinnings of Blue Whale, one sees how the game attacks the adolescents and youth with predisposed vulnerability to low self esteem, suicidal intent, depression and possible traits of borderline personality disorder or other psychiatric vulnerability (by a matter of chance, since the revelation of how the people reached out to is blurred) and this makes them the targeted users of Blue Whale.

The game makes it appear to the user as if it is another community to where they belong (since those playing Blue Whale can exchange messages and talk about tasks) and then slowly induces risk taking behaviour at the cost of psychological and emotional vulnerability of the users. The game is parasitic to adolescent and youth mental health.
This challenge has been linked to more than 150 deaths across the world. There have been reported cases of suicide due to the challenge across the word: Three cases from the United States, two from Brazil, two from Argentina, one from Italy, more than 130 cases of suicide in Russia, one in China and at least 90 victims of the challenge are identified in Portugal. Now, it is also being traced in India. The first case of alleged Blue Whale suicide in India was reported on July 30, when a 14-year-old boy jumped to death from the seventh floor of a building in Mumbai. On August 10, a Class VII student in Indore was pulled away before he could take the final leap. He apparently recorded all 50 stages in his school diary. A Class X student in West Bengal, allegedly playing the game, committed suicide on August 12. His body was found in the bathroom, his face covered in a plastic bag, with a cord around his neck. Recently it was heard on the morning of 29th August that the next victim was a 17 year old boy in Tondiarpet, who left a suicide note and evidence showed that the reason behind is suicide was the game, Blue Whale. The most recent incident reported today, (August 31) is of a 19 year old, second year college student, named Vignesh who was from Thirumangalam, Madurai. He committed suicide by hanging himself on Wednesday at around 4:15 pm.


There is an urgent need to address what can we do to prevent other adolescents from falling prey to this game. Parents, school and the health care professionals (both, medical and mental) are the major takeholders that can play a key role in educating about the harmful impact of Blue Whale and thus, hep prevent our youth from access. One of the important tasks is also to identify potential victims through social media profiling of children, supervision of their web activity and changes in behaviour. Part of this can be done by the parents, friends and through schools. Children are more cooperative with their schools and amenable to receiving suggestions from their teachers rather than from their parents. Hence the schools have a big role in ensuring that the Internet addiction risk of every kind is mitigated.

Some signs to watch out for that will help identify adolescents at risk are: signs of self-harm, strange updates on social media, sympathising with other suicidal individuals, low and depressive mood swings and unhappiness, withdrawal from friends and family and activities one enjoyed earlier.

India’s Ministry of Electronics and IT has directed internet platforms like Google, Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram and Yahoo to remove the links to the online game. This follows a petition from the Ministry of Women and Child Development, demanding a ban on the game. The Russian Duma (parliament) passed a bill on May 26, introducing criminal responsibility for creating pro-suicide groups on social media. President Vladimir Putin has signed a law imposing criminal penalties for inducing minors to commit suicide. The law imposes maximum punishment of 6 years in prison. Despite these steps taken by the government, other steps and precautions that can be followed for effective outcome include- awareness programmes for children and parents; introducing a “Whistle Blower” scheme where students report to the authorities about any abnormal behaviour of other students; appointing a psychology expert as an “Internet Counsellor” to visit the school once in 15 days, to spend some time addressing the students and to meet any children who would like to seek guidance.

The emergence and proliferation of the Blue Whale Challenge on social media provides a somber reminder of the need to reinforce positive interactions for adolescents and youth, when the internet has become ubiquitous. The well being of our youth is at threat and we all can take part, understand and take care.

Thursday, 31 August 2017





    The next version of Android is bigger and better... here are the 10 best new features of Android Oreo
    Image result for oreo android
Android Oreo is OFFICIAL and will start rolling out to Pixel and Nexus phones inside the next few weeks.
Google did its usual ceremonial unveiling of a massive Oreo statue at its Mountain View HQ.
The update, which we’ll dig into below, adds in a bunch of new features and cosmetic updates.
Google was also keen to push the idea that Android Oreo will be more widely disseminated than Android Nougat, which is currently up and running on just 15% of Android devices.
“We've been working closely with our partners over the last many months,” said Google, “and by the end of this year, hardware makers like Essential, Huawei, HTC, Kyocera, Motorola, HMD Global Home of Nokia Phones, Samsung, Sharp, and Sony are scheduled to be launching or upgrading new devices to Android 8.0 Oreo.”
Android Oreo will be the eighth major release of the world’s most popular mobile OS.
Android Oreo is now rolling out to Pixel handsets in the US on Verizon. The carrier confirmed the update this week and Oreo should now be available to all handsets on the Verizon network.
I’m running a non-carrier Pixel XL in the UK and I still haven’t had my update through from Google, so Verizon has done very well getting Android Oreo out so quickly – even more so when you consider its track record.
Fingers crossed we won't have to wait too long for an OTA update for non-Verizon Pixel handsets
But just what will Android O entail in terms of new features and capabilities?
Here are the top ten things you need to know about the next major release.

Android O: Name

It's called Android Oreo, as expected. 

Android O: Release Date

Android Oreo will hit Pixel and Nexus phones in the coming weeks. Google says the majority of its Android partners should have updates out before the end of 2017. 
There are a few reasons for this. First, Nougat appeared during the same timeframe last year. Second, an OS update spurs sales of new devices—important for the holiday shopping season that begins this fall. Third, Apple will be releasing iOS 11 around the same time (probably in September), which will mean Android devices will need some new features to tout.

Android O: Which phones will be the first to get it?

Right now the developer preview is installable on Pixel, Pixel XL, Nexus 5X, Nexus 6P, Nexus Player, and the Pixel C. As for consumer devices, of course, just because Android O gets a public release in August/September doesn’t mean all phones will have access to it right away.
It’s almost certain that Google will release a new Pixel flagship phone around the time that will ship with Android O preinstalled. Older Pixel and Nexus phones should get an Android O downloadable update shortly after that. As for other major flagship phones from the likes of Samsung, LG, and HTC? Expect an Android O update for some of those devices before Christmas, with virtually all of them getting the new OS by early 2018.

Android O Feature: Battery Life

One great thing about Android O is it will limit the processes applications can perform in the background when multiple apps are running. This means that all devices should see more battery life once you install Android O on them.

Android O Feature: Picture-in-Picture

Another really welcome feature of Android O is Picture-in-Picture (PiP). While iOS has offered PiP on the iPad and some Android tablets also have PiP, we’ve yet to see it backed into Android on the phone. That’s all changing with Android O. Now you’ll be able to keep watching Netflix in a tiny window if you suddenly remember you need to bang out that email you forgot to send. This is great for larger-screened phones.

Android O Feature: Smart Text Selection

This is a rocking feature: text selection is much smarter in Android O. Now the OS will know to select all the text, for example, when you are trying to copy and address. Smart text selection also includes the ability to tap on the selected text and, if it's an address, begin directions there or if it's a phone number, dial the number.

Android O Feature: Notification Dots

Notification dots will now appear above apps that have pending notifications. Yay! But it gets better: long tap on a dot to get contextual menu actions you can carry out in a single tap.

More Power To Google Assistant

New code inside Android Oreo has shown that Google is planning on making Assistant a lot more useful. Google Assistant will, inside Android Oreo, be open to developers, so they can leverage it within their applications.
This means you can use Assistant whilst inside an application; Assistant will simply work in the background. This keeps people inside applications and also serves to bolster the usability of applications in the long run.
This is the sort of innovation Google Assistant needs if it is to become indispensable. Like Android, Google wants Assistant to be everywhere and used by all manner of applications. By doing this Google ensures Assistant grows and evolves beyond phones and smart speakers.

Android O Feature: Autofill

It’s a pain having to type in your information, such as addresses, usernames, and even passwords on forms in apps and on the web. Android O makes this easier by allowing the OS to autofill your info across apps and the web.

Android O Feature: Wi-Fi Awareness

Ever have two devices what want to talk to each other but can’t because both aren’t on the same internet network? Well that doesn’t matter anymore. In Android O a new feature called Wi-Fi Awareness will allow Wi-Fi devices to talk to each other via an ad hoc local network.

Android O Feature: Vitals

While this feature won’t be obviously noticeable when using Android O on your device, that doesn’t matter. Vitals works in the background keeping your device more safe and secure from viruses, hackers, and worms. Think of it as a new security layer for Android.

AN OFFICER AND A SPY – ROBERT HARRIS SUMMARY WRITTEN BY-SURYA PRAKASH PATTANAYAK This novel was written by Robert Harris. It has w...